Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (Braunau, Austria, 20 Aprili 1889; Berlin, Ujerumani, 30 Aprili 1945) alikuwa dikteta wa Ujerumani kuanzia mwaka 1933 hadi kifo chake.
Alijaribu tena kurejea shuleni, zamu hii katika shule ya uchoraji iliyojulikana kama Akademia ya Usanii ya Vienna akafeli tena.
Baada ya kifo cha wazazi alikosa msaada wa familia akakaa kwa muda katika nyumba kwa ajili ya watu wasio na makazi. Tangu alipohama nyumbani aliacha kufuata dini ya mama yake, Klara, akachukia moja kwa moja Kanisa Katoliki kwa kuliona halipendelei Wajerumani.
Baada ya kujaribu maisha ya msanii na mchoraji, alikuwa mwanajeshi wa Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia.
Mwaka 1923 Hitler alijaribu kumwiga Mussolini kwa kupindua serikali ya Bavaria - kama utangulizi wa kupindua serikali ya kitaifa huko Berlin- lakini alikamatwa na kuhukumiwa kwa uasi huo kifungo cha miaka mitano, ingawa alitumikia miezi tisa tu. Chama chake kilipigwa marufuku.
Hitler akiwa kijana aliwahi kusoma vitabu vya Mwingereza Chamberlain aliyedai kwamba kuna mbari mbalimbali za watu zenye tabia na thamani tofauti sana.
Akiwa gerezani aliandika kitabu kilichoitwa "Mein Kampf" ("Mapambano Yangu") alikojaribu kueleza imani na siasa zake. Humo alieleza pia chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi na itikadi yake ya ubaguzi wa kimbari.
Katika itikadi hiyo mbari ya juu ni watu wa Ulaya ya Kaskazini aliowaita "Waaria", na wale ambao ni duni zaidi ni watu weusi. Vikundi vingine vimo katikati. Lakini watu wabaya kabisa katika itikadi hiyo ni Wayahudi ambao ni wajanja wakuu upande mmoja, lakini hawana uwezo wa kuunda kitu kwa upande mwingine. Hivyo wanajaribu kwa ujanja wao kutawala dunia kwa kuiba fikra na mafanikio ya Waaria.
Kikundi cha SA ("Sturmabteilung" - "Kikosi cha kushambulia") kilikuwa na watu wengi sana kikavuta hasa wanaume wasio na kazi waliovaa sare ya kahawia. Kikosi cha pili kilikuwa na watu wachache kikaitwa "SS" ("Schutzstaffel" - "Kikosi cha ulinzi") waliovaa sare nyeusi.
Chama chake hakikufaulu hadi 1929, wakati uchumi wa dunia pamoja na wa Ujerumani ulipoporomoka vibaya. Mamilioni waliachishwa kazi na kuona njaa. Katika hali hiyo watu walianza kupigia kura vyama vyenye itikadi kali.
Katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 1930 kura za NSDAP ziliongezeka kutoka 2.6% hadi 18.3%. Serikali za Ujerumani zilikuwa za vyama vingi na dhaifu.
Mwaka 1932 chama cha NSDAP kilipata 33% na kuwa chama chenye kura nyingi zaidi nchini na chama kikubwa katika bunge la Reichstag. Katika hali hiyo viongozi wa Dola la Ujerumani waliamua kumwingiza Hitler katika serikali mwaka 1933.
Baada ya mwaka mmoja utawala wake ulisimama imara kabisa ilhali wapinzani wengi walikamatwa na kupelekwa katika makambi ya KZ.
Hitler alifuata siasa ya kujenga uchumi na kurudisha watu kazini akibahatika kwamba uchumi wa dunia ukapaa tena.
Hitler alifuta mapatano yote ya Ujerumani yaliyodai ukubwa wa jeshi lake kuwa watu 100,000 tu akajenga jeshi kubwa, akaanzisha utawala wa kidikteta wa "Dola la Tatu" akipiga marufuku vyama vya upinzani. Alitesa wapinzani wote na watu wa mbari alizochukia, hasa Wayahudi.
Sheria kuhusu "Aibu wa mbari" ilikataza ndoa kati ya "Waaria" na "Wayahudi"; "Wayahudi" waliondolewa uraia kamili.
Tokeo moja la siasa hiyo lilikuwa kuondoka kwa Wayahudi wengi kidogo katika Ujerumani; baada ya mashambulizi makali na mauaji mwaka 1938 mwelekeo huo uliongezeka.
Siasa yake mwaka 1939 ilisababisha Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia.
Mwaka 1938 alifaulu kuteka Austria na maeneo ya Wajerumani katika Ucheki bila upingamizi wa kimataifa.
Lakini aliposhambulia Poland tarehe 1 Septemba 1939 tendo hili lilikuwa mwanzo wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia kwa sababu Uingereza na Ufaransa walisimama imara kwa mikataba ya kusaidiana na Poland.
Wakati wa vita Hitler alichukua mwenyewe uongozi mkuu wa jeshi. Mwanzoni alifaulu hata dhidi ya ushauri ya majenerali wake, hasa wakati wa vita dhidi ya Poland na Ufaransa. Lakini maazimio yake ya 1941 ya kushambulia Urusi na kutangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Marekani yalikuwa mwanzo wa mwisho wake. Nguvu ya kiuchumi wa Ujerumani haikutosha kushindana na dunia yote.
Wakati wa vita aliamuru uuaji wa Wayahudi wote wa Ulaya, na inakadiriwa alifaulu kuwaua takriban milioni sita (2/3 ya Wayahudi wote wa Ulaya) pamoja na watu vya mbari mbalimbali kama Wasinti (kati ya 200,000 na 1,500,000).
Hasa alipoona ya kwamba vita dhidi ya Urusi haikufaulu haraka jinsi alivyotegemea aliamua kumaliza jambo lililosababisha chuki yake hasa. Azimio la "usuluhisho wa mwisho wa suala la Kiyahudi" lilichukuliwa mwisho wa mwaka 1941 na kutangazwa mbele ya viongozi wachache mnamo Januari 1942 katika Mkutano wa Wannsee.
Baadaye siasa ya kuwatenda Wayahudi vibaya na kuwaua katika maeneo fulani ilibadilishwa kulenga Wayahudi wote katika nchi zote zilizokuwa chini ya athira ya Ujerumani au kutekwa na jeshi lake. Hadi mwisho wa vita Wayahudi walikusanywa kutoka kote Ulaya na kupelekwa kwa reli hadi makambi ya mauti.
Mwishoni mwa vita Hitler alikaa Berlin hadi jeshi la Kirusi lilipokuwa limeshaingia mjini.
Tarehe 30 Aprili alijiua kwa sumu pamoja na mpenzi wake Eva Braun (alimwoa masaa tu kabla ya kujiua) na mbwa wake mpendwa "Blondi". Maiti zilichomwa kwa petroli lakini zilitambuliwa na Warusi kutokana na meno yake.
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Yaliyomo
Maisha
Utoto
Alizaliwa nchini Austria mwaka 1889, akaingia shule ya sekondari mwaka 1900 lakini hakufaulu, hivyo alishindwa kuendelea na masomo.Alijaribu tena kurejea shuleni, zamu hii katika shule ya uchoraji iliyojulikana kama Akademia ya Usanii ya Vienna akafeli tena.
Baada ya kifo cha wazazi alikosa msaada wa familia akakaa kwa muda katika nyumba kwa ajili ya watu wasio na makazi. Tangu alipohama nyumbani aliacha kufuata dini ya mama yake, Klara, akachukia moja kwa moja Kanisa Katoliki kwa kuliona halipendelei Wajerumani.
Baada ya kujaribu maisha ya msanii na mchoraji, alikuwa mwanajeshi wa Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia.
Mwanajeshi 1914 - 1918
Mwaka 1913 alihamia Munich katika jimbo la Bavaria (Ujerumani). Mnamo Agosti 1914, wakati wa mwanzo wa Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia, alijitolea kwa jeshi la Bavaria ambapo kutokana na bidii na ukakamavu wake alipanda cheo na kuwa praiveti. Mwisho wa vita mwaka 1918 alikuwa na cheo cha koplo.Kuingia siasa
Baada ya vita alikosa kazi lakini aligundua kipawa chake cha kuhutubia watu, akajiunga na siasa na kuingia katika chama kidogo cha Nazi (NSDAP) alikopanda ngazi haraka.Jaribio la mapinduzi 1923
Hitler alivutwa sana na mfano wa Benito Mussolini, kiongozi wa kifashisti wa Italia, aliyefaulu mwaka 1922 kupindua serikali ya Italia kwa maandamano makubwa ya wafuasi wake kuelekea Roma.Mwaka 1923 Hitler alijaribu kumwiga Mussolini kwa kupindua serikali ya Bavaria - kama utangulizi wa kupindua serikali ya kitaifa huko Berlin- lakini alikamatwa na kuhukumiwa kwa uasi huo kifungo cha miaka mitano, ingawa alitumikia miezi tisa tu. Chama chake kilipigwa marufuku.
Hitler akiwa kijana aliwahi kusoma vitabu vya Mwingereza Chamberlain aliyedai kwamba kuna mbari mbalimbali za watu zenye tabia na thamani tofauti sana.
Akiwa gerezani aliandika kitabu kilichoitwa "Mein Kampf" ("Mapambano Yangu") alikojaribu kueleza imani na siasa zake. Humo alieleza pia chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi na itikadi yake ya ubaguzi wa kimbari.
Katika itikadi hiyo mbari ya juu ni watu wa Ulaya ya Kaskazini aliowaita "Waaria", na wale ambao ni duni zaidi ni watu weusi. Vikundi vingine vimo katikati. Lakini watu wabaya kabisa katika itikadi hiyo ni Wayahudi ambao ni wajanja wakuu upande mmoja, lakini hawana uwezo wa kuunda kitu kwa upande mwingine. Hivyo wanajaribu kwa ujanja wao kutawala dunia kwa kuiba fikra na mafanikio ya Waaria.
Kujenga chama
Baada ya kutoka gerezani alirudia siasa. Alijitahidi kushika utawala wa chama cha NSDAP akakubaliwa kuwa kiongozi mkuu. Ndani ya chama alianzisha vikosi viwili vilivyovaa sare vikifanya mazoezi kama wanamgambo na kuwa tayari kupigana na maadui wa kisiasa wakati wa maandamano.Kikundi cha SA ("Sturmabteilung" - "Kikosi cha kushambulia") kilikuwa na watu wengi sana kikavuta hasa wanaume wasio na kazi waliovaa sare ya kahawia. Kikosi cha pili kilikuwa na watu wachache kikaitwa "SS" ("Schutzstaffel" - "Kikosi cha ulinzi") waliovaa sare nyeusi.
Chama chake hakikufaulu hadi 1929, wakati uchumi wa dunia pamoja na wa Ujerumani ulipoporomoka vibaya. Mamilioni waliachishwa kazi na kuona njaa. Katika hali hiyo watu walianza kupigia kura vyama vyenye itikadi kali.
Katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 1930 kura za NSDAP ziliongezeka kutoka 2.6% hadi 18.3%. Serikali za Ujerumani zilikuwa za vyama vingi na dhaifu.
Mwaka 1932 chama cha NSDAP kilipata 33% na kuwa chama chenye kura nyingi zaidi nchini na chama kikubwa katika bunge la Reichstag. Katika hali hiyo viongozi wa Dola la Ujerumani waliamua kumwingiza Hitler katika serikali mwaka 1933.
Chansela na kiongozi wa Ujerumani
Tarehe 30 Januari 1933 Hitler akawa Chansela wa Ujerumani. Mara moja alichukua nafasi kuwakandamiza wapinzani wake na baada ya mwaka mmoja hata wale waliomwingiza madarakani.Baada ya mwaka mmoja utawala wake ulisimama imara kabisa ilhali wapinzani wengi walikamatwa na kupelekwa katika makambi ya KZ.
Hitler alifuata siasa ya kujenga uchumi na kurudisha watu kazini akibahatika kwamba uchumi wa dunia ukapaa tena.
Hitler alifuta mapatano yote ya Ujerumani yaliyodai ukubwa wa jeshi lake kuwa watu 100,000 tu akajenga jeshi kubwa, akaanzisha utawala wa kidikteta wa "Dola la Tatu" akipiga marufuku vyama vya upinzani. Alitesa wapinzani wote na watu wa mbari alizochukia, hasa Wayahudi.
Siasa dhidi ya Wayahudi
Chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi aliionyesha kwa sheria mbalimbali zilizokuwa kali zaidi na zaidi. Idadi ya Wayahudi katika Ujerumani ilikuwa ndogo, takriban nusu milioni kati ya wakazi milioni 62. Kila Mjerumani akitaka kuajiriwa na serikali au kupata nafasi ya masomo alitakiwa kuorodhesha wazazi na mababu hadi kizazi cha pili. Kwa njia hiyo Hitler alipanga Wajerumani wote katika vikundi vya "Waaria" (ambao hawana Wayahudi katika familia), "Wayahudi" (watu wenye asili ya Kiyahudi, hata kama wameshakuwa Wakristo tangu vizazi kadhaa au hawakufuata dini), "Wayahudi nusu" kama mzazi mmoja alikuwa Myahudi, "Wayahudi robo" kama mmoja kati ya mababu na mabibi wanne alikuwa Myahudi. Wayahudi na Wayahudi nusu walifukuzwa katika ajira ya serikali na walikataliwa kufanya kazi mbalimbali.Sheria kuhusu "Aibu wa mbari" ilikataza ndoa kati ya "Waaria" na "Wayahudi"; "Wayahudi" waliondolewa uraia kamili.
Tokeo moja la siasa hiyo lilikuwa kuondoka kwa Wayahudi wengi kidogo katika Ujerumani; baada ya mashambulizi makali na mauaji mwaka 1938 mwelekeo huo uliongezeka.
Siasa yake mwaka 1939 ilisababisha Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia.
Vita Kuu ya Pili
Hitler alifuata siasa ya kukusanya Wajerumani wote wa Ulaya katika Dola la Ujerumani.Mwaka 1938 alifaulu kuteka Austria na maeneo ya Wajerumani katika Ucheki bila upingamizi wa kimataifa.
Lakini aliposhambulia Poland tarehe 1 Septemba 1939 tendo hili lilikuwa mwanzo wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia kwa sababu Uingereza na Ufaransa walisimama imara kwa mikataba ya kusaidiana na Poland.
Wakati wa vita Hitler alichukua mwenyewe uongozi mkuu wa jeshi. Mwanzoni alifaulu hata dhidi ya ushauri ya majenerali wake, hasa wakati wa vita dhidi ya Poland na Ufaransa. Lakini maazimio yake ya 1941 ya kushambulia Urusi na kutangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Marekani yalikuwa mwanzo wa mwisho wake. Nguvu ya kiuchumi wa Ujerumani haikutosha kushindana na dunia yote.
Wakati wa vita aliamuru uuaji wa Wayahudi wote wa Ulaya, na inakadiriwa alifaulu kuwaua takriban milioni sita (2/3 ya Wayahudi wote wa Ulaya) pamoja na watu vya mbari mbalimbali kama Wasinti (kati ya 200,000 na 1,500,000).
Hasa alipoona ya kwamba vita dhidi ya Urusi haikufaulu haraka jinsi alivyotegemea aliamua kumaliza jambo lililosababisha chuki yake hasa. Azimio la "usuluhisho wa mwisho wa suala la Kiyahudi" lilichukuliwa mwisho wa mwaka 1941 na kutangazwa mbele ya viongozi wachache mnamo Januari 1942 katika Mkutano wa Wannsee.
Baadaye siasa ya kuwatenda Wayahudi vibaya na kuwaua katika maeneo fulani ilibadilishwa kulenga Wayahudi wote katika nchi zote zilizokuwa chini ya athira ya Ujerumani au kutekwa na jeshi lake. Hadi mwisho wa vita Wayahudi walikusanywa kutoka kote Ulaya na kupelekwa kwa reli hadi makambi ya mauti.
Mwisho wa vita na kifo
Maafisa wa jeshi ya Ujerumani walipanga mara kadhaa kumwua Hitler. Tarehe 20 Julai 1944 alijeruhiwa na bomu ya Stauffenberg lakini hakuuawa.Mwishoni mwa vita Hitler alikaa Berlin hadi jeshi la Kirusi lilipokuwa limeshaingia mjini.
Tarehe 30 Aprili alijiua kwa sumu pamoja na mpenzi wake Eva Braun (alimwoa masaa tu kabla ya kujiua) na mbwa wake mpendwa "Blondi". Maiti zilichomwa kwa petroli lakini zilitambuliwa na Warusi kutokana na meno yake.
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